Professor Shao Zhong released the LiDO model at the Web3 Scholars Summit, promoting the security verification of the Consensus protocol.

The Web3 Scholars Summit of 2025 was recently held, where Professor Zhao Zhong from the Department of Computer Science at Yale University delivered a keynote speech titled "Security and Liveness Proofs of Refined Consensus Protocols: LiDO and Its Extensions." He publicly introduced the LiDO model and the LiDO-DAG extension framework developed by his team for the first time. This groundbreaking achievement aims to provide mechanizable verification of security and liveness proofs for complex Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) consensus protocols, laying the technical foundation for the reliability and scalable development of the Web3 ecosystem.

Professor Shao Zhong pointed out in his speech that existing consensus protocols such as PBFT and Jolteon, although widely used, often hide potential vulnerabilities due to high implementation complexity. To address this issue, the LiDO model innovatively proposes a three-layer refined verification framework:

1. Security Abstraction Layer: Maps the protocol to a linearized state machine to ensure log consistency (security);
2. Active Assurance Layer: Introduce the "Pacemaker" mechanism to solve network latency issues through timeout broadcasting and round synchronization;
3. DAG Extension Layer: Supports emerging DAG protocols such as Narwhal and Bullshark, achieving efficient verification of consensus without leaders.

Currently, LiDO has been successfully applied to the industrial-grade protocol Jolteon (two-phase BFT) and multiple DAG protocols, completing over ten thousand lines of mechanical proof in Coq code, with the amount of code for safety and liveness verification reaching 4000 lines and 1700 lines respectively. Professor Shao Zhong emphasized: "At present, PoS Consensus protocols generally face the dilemma of achieving security, liveness, and decentralization simultaneously. The LiDO model is a systematic design solution proposed to break through this bottleneck."

As the main developer of CertiKOS, the world's first "bug-free" operating system verified through formal verification, Professor Zhao Zhong has accumulated profound experience in the field of system security. This achievement not only laid a solid foundation for his subsequent research but also highlighted his outstanding contributions in the field of system security. In recent years, Professor Zhao Zhong has shifted his research focus to blockchain security and co-founded a security company with partners in 2017, dedicated to applying formal verification technology to the security assurance of smart contracts and on-chain protocols, providing security protection for cryptocurrency assets worth hundreds of billions.

The LiDO model has completed design and formal verification, and has begun exploring the integration possibilities with mainstream public chains and decentralized protocols. Professor Shao Zhong stated that they are committed to verifying key mechanisms in Web3.0 to provide full-cycle products and services, better supporting the long-term development strategies of Web3 enterprises and ecosystems. At the end of the speech, Professor Shao Zhong emphasized: "A trusted, secure, and verifiable network protocol stack will be the key path to a truly decentralized future."